Natural Insect Repellent that works better than DEET
Biting insects can put a damper on your summer
fun, not to mention potentially transmit diseases like Lyme disease and West
Nile Virus. The majority of US adults (75 percent) said they are actually more concerned about such diseases than
they are about potentially dangerous chemicals in insect repellent.1
Still, most
people also told Consumer
Reports that safety is important when choosing an insect repellent, and only
one-third believe products on the market are safe for adults (and only 23
percent considered them safe for kids).
Concern is well-justified, as DEET
(N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) is used in hundreds of products, in concentrations
of up to an astounding 100 percent. DEET has been shown to harm brain and
nervous system function.
Children are
particularly at risk for subtle neurological changes because their skin more
readily absorbs chemicals in the environment, and chemicals exert more potent
effects on their developing nervous systems.
DEET is not your only option for insect
repellent, fortunately, and Consumer Reports tests have recently revealed
natural alternatives that may be even more effective
without the harsh side effects.
Picaridin and
Lemon Eucalyptus Beat DEET for Repelling Insects
Consumer
Reports recruited volunteers to test out spray-on repellents made of DEET, oil
of lemon eucalyptus, picaridin, a chemical called IR3535, and products made
with natural plant oils. After the repellents were applied and allowed to sit
for 30 minutes, the volunteers reached into a cage containing (disease-free)
mosquitoes or ticks.
Two products
emerged on top and were able to keep mosquitoes and ticks away for at least
seven hours: products that contained 20 percent picaridin or 30 percent oil of
lemon eucalyptus. Picaridin resembles the natural compound piperine, an
essential oil in black pepper.
However, picaridin is not a natural compound;
it’s produced synthetically in the lab. According to the Environmental Working
Group (EWG), picaridin does not carry the same neurotoxicity concerns at DEET,
although it has not been tested much over the long term. They report:2
“Overall, EWG’s
assessment is that Picaridin is a good DEET alternative with many of the same
advantages and without the same disadvantages.”
Lemon
Eucalyptus Is a ‘Biopesticide’ Repellent
Oil
of lemon eucalyptus comes from the gum eucalyptus tree, but it is
p-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD), its synthetic version with pesticidal properties,
that is used as an insect repellent. While the term “PMD” is often used
interchangeably with lemon eucalyptus oil, know that it is different from the
“pure” unrefined oil, which is typically used in making fragrances.
The pure oil is
not registered with the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as an insect
repellant. PMD or the refined version, on the other hand, has a long history of
use but only recently became important as a commercial repellent.
In 2000, the
EPA registered oil of lemon eucalyptus or PMD as a “biopesticide repellent,”
meaning it is derived from natural materials. Both lemon eucalyptus oil and
picaridin are not actual repellents,
but insteadmost likely work by masking the environmental cues that mosquitoes
use to locate their target.
Side effects of
both picaridin and lemon eucalyptus include potential skin or eye irritation,
and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) states that picaridin should not
be used on children under age 3. Urvashi Rangan, PhD, executive director of
Consumer Reports’ Food Safety and Sustainability Center, said:
“They are not
side-effect-free, but ‘those problems are much less severe than deet…’ Still,
all repellents should be used sparingly and only for the time you need
them—especially on children and older people.”
Why
DEET-Containing Repellents Are Better Off Avoided
About 30
percent of Americans use DEET every year, but you should know that this
chemical – though generally effective in keeping away insects – can have deadly
repercussions. From 1961 to 2002, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry reports eight deaths related to DEET exposure.
Three of these resulted from deliberate
ingestion, but five of them occurred following DEET exposure to the skin in
adults and children.3 Psychological effects have
also been reported including altered mental state, auditory hallucinations, and
severe agitation.
In children, the most frequently reported
symptoms of DEET toxicity reported to poison control centers were lethargy,
headaches, tremors, involuntary movements, seizures, and convulsions. Further,
in a study of more than 140 National Park Service employees, 25 percent
reported health effects they attributed to DEET, including:4
Rashes
Skin or mucous membrane
irritation
Transient numb or
burning lips
Dizziness
Disorientation
Difficulty
concentrating
Headache
Nausea
In addition, Duke University Medical Center
pharmacologist Mohamed Abou-Donia spent 30 years researching
the effects of pesticides. He discovered that prolonged exposure to DEET can
impair cell function in parts of your brain — demonstrated in the lab by death
and behavioral changes in rats with frequent or prolonged DEET use. Other
potential side effects DEET exposure include:
Memory loss
Headache
Muscle weakness and
fatigue
Shortness of breath
Muscle and joint pain
Tremors
Another
potentially harmful chemical found in many bug sprays is permethrin. This
chemical is a member of the synthetic pyrethroid family, all of which are
neurotoxins.
The EPA has even deemed this chemical
carcinogenic, capable of causing lung tumors, liver tumors, immune system
problems, and chromosomal abnormalities. Permethrin is also damaging to the
environment, and it is particularly toxic to bees and aquatic life. It should
also be noted that permethrin is highly toxic to cats.5
Non-Chemical
Options to Keep Bugs Away from Your Barbecue
Consumer
Reports also tested three non-chemical options for keeping pests away from a
simulated backyard barbecue: a citronella candle, a portable diffuser with
essential oils, or an oscillating pedestal fan set at its highest speed.
While neither the candle nor the diffuser showed much promise, the fan worked
well, cutting mosquito landings by 45 percent to 65 percent among those sitting
near the fan.
Similar results were found from the Consumer
Reports survey, which found 45 percent of people who used fans to keep insects
away reported them as “especially helpful” (compared to 31 percent of those who
used candles).6
Naturally, the
best way to avoid mosquito bites is to prevent coming into contact with them in
the first place. You can avoid insect bites by staying inside between dusk and
dawn, which is when they are most active.
Mosquitoes are also thicker in shrubby areas and
near standing water. The American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA)
recommends the “Three Ds” of protection to prevent mosquito breeding on your
property:7
- Drain – Mosquitoes require water in which to breed, so
carefully drain any and all sources of standing water around your house and
yard, including pet bowls, gutters, garbage and recycling bins, spare tires,
bird baths, etc.
- Defend – While the AMCA recommends
using commercial repellents, I highly recommend avoiding most chemical
repellents for the reasons already discussed; try some of the natural
alternatives instead, when necessary
Bat houses are another option since bats are
voracious consumers of insects, especially mosquitoes. For more on buying a bat
house or constructing one yourself, visit the Organization for Bat
Conservation.8 Planting marigolds around
your yard also works as a bug repellent because the flowers give off a fragrance
that bugs dislike.
Enjoy the
Outdoors with These Additional Natural Repellent Options
Body temperature and skin chemicals like lactic
acid attract mosquitoes, which explains why you’re more likely to be “eaten
alive” when you’re sweaty, such as during or after exercise, so trying to stay
as cool and dry as you can may help to some degree. Some experts also recommend
supplementing
with one vitamin B1 tablet a day from April through October, and
then adding 100 mg of B1 to a B100 Complex daily during the mosquito season to
make
you less attractive to mosquitoes. Regularly
consuming
garlic may also help protect against mosquito bites, as may thefollowing natural insect repellants:
- Clear liquid vanilla extract mixed with olive oil
Another option is to use the safe solution I have
formulated to repel mosquitoes, fleas, chiggers, ticks, and other biting
insects. It’s a
natural
insect spray with a combination of citronella,
lemongrass
oil,
peppermint
oil, and vanillin, which is a dynamite blend of natural plant
extracts. In fact, an independent study showed my bug spray to be more
effective than a product containing 100 percent DEET. And it’s safe for you,
your children, and your pets.
You can also try using lemon eucalyptus oil to make a homemade insect
repellent. Here is a recipe from Backpacking Spirit to try out:11
“Make your own
mosquito repellent consisted of around 10% lemon eucalyptus oil. If you are
using the essential (‘pure’) oil, note that it does not mix with water and will
therefore require a carrier oil, such as hazel, vodka, or olive oil.
Procedure:
- Think 10%
essential oil. If you are using a 100 ml bottle, mix 90 ml of your chosen
liquid and 10 ml of lemon eucalyptus oil. If you are using a 200 ml bottle, mix
180 ml of liquid and 20 ml of essential oil.
- Spritz onto
skin and rub in.”
Health and Wellness Associates
312-972-WELL
Archived Article